{"id":60846,"date":"2024-04-07T15:39:00","date_gmt":"2024-04-07T19:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/?p=60846"},"modified":"2024-04-22T01:11:10","modified_gmt":"2024-04-22T05:11:10","slug":"articles-arduino-arduino-pro-microcontroller-boards","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/articles-arduino-arduino-pro-microcontroller-boards\/","title":{"rendered":"Arduino compatible coding 01: Arduino MCU family"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Embedded electronics are in a countless number of devices and appliances, with microcontrollers at the heart of the operation. A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit that controls a specific operation in an embedded system. <\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">There was a time when only BASIC stamp microcontrollers, with a simple interpreter, were available for designing, prototyping, and testing embedded systems.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-60849 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/arduino-631977_1280-300x214.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/arduino-631977_1280-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/arduino-631977_1280-768x549.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/arduino-631977_1280-333x238.jpg 333w, https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/arduino-631977_1280.jpg 770w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" \/>Arduino, an open-source electronic prototyping platform, offered the first attempt to simply embedded systems by introducing a broader concept of single-board microcontrollers. <\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">This concept was so revolutionary that now most of the prototyping and testing are done on single-board microcontrollers and the designs are later transferred to compatible commercial alternatives.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Arduino is the originator of this idea and, to this day, the most popular single-board microcontroller family.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Electronic computing<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Electronics became popular because of applications in computing and computing power. From an electronics perspective, computers are digital electronic circuits capable of processing a set of instructions \u2014 on input data and in a programmed sequence. (There are also analog computers that are modeled on analog quantities, but such computers are rare.)\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Essentially, a computing system includes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">A processor that executes an instruction set<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Input\/output peripherals to receive and transfer data<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">RAM for the temporary storage of data while processing<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Might also have a secondary memory for permanent storage of some data or programs<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">At present, computing applications can be broadly classified into domains, such as desktop applications, embedded systems, servers, mobile applications, mainframe, and supercomputing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The desktop applications are general-purpose, single-user applications that may run on personal computers, workstations, or mini-computers. Embedded systems are specific-purpose applications that are used to control electrical or mechanical systems in real-time and may use microcontrollers or general-purpose, dedicated microprocessors.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Servers are dedicated computers used to host websites, applications, and services on the internet. Mobile applications are general-purpose applications that run on portable personal computers (such as smartphones, tablets, and wearables). Supercomputers are powerful computers that are designed to execute a few specific programs as fast as possible. The mainframes are also powerful computers but they are designed to execute many programs concurrently.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">At times, applications from different domains need to interact with one another. For example, a desktop application on a workplace computer typically interacts with a server on the internet. An embedded system may be controlled from a smartphone. An Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, which is also an embedded system, can also interact with a Cloud platform on the server.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Embedded systems &amp; microcontrollers<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The most widespread computer application is embedded systems. Around 98 percent of microprocessors are used in embedded applications. These include general-purpose and dedicated microprocessors, such as digital signal processors, graphic processors, and neural processing units (AI processors). Aside from microprocessors, embedded systems also use microcontrollers for processing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Microcontrollers are computer-on-chip systems that include a microprocessor, RAM, ROM, input\/output channels, and additional peripherals all-in-one IC. These are similar to System-on-Chip ICs but are somewhat less sophisticated. The processor embedded in microcontrollers is specially designed to control attached input\/output peripherals, use built-in RAM and ROM, and control built-in additional peripherals of the microcontroller.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The use of microcontrollers is specific to embedded systems. Typically, no other computing domains use microcontrollers. The microcontrollers are embedded in electronic devices to control singular functions. That is why microcontrollers are also called embedded controllers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Generally, microcontrollers stay in the background, quietly controlling small features of a larger electronic system. This is why they don\u2019t have a front-end operating system. They are programmed to execute a sequential program that may or may not require user input. The program on a microcontroller simply interprets incoming data, manipulates it according to programmed instructions, and communicates the results to I\/O peripherals to enact some action.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">This action occurs to electronically control an electrical or mechanical system.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">An electronic device may have several microcontrollers, each serving specific features. These microcontrollers can communicate with each other and\/or to a central computer.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Aside from an embedded processor, RAM, and secondary memory, microcontrollers also have built-in components like Analog-to-Digital converters, Digital-to-Analog converters, Real-time Clock, system bus, and communication interfaces.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The communication interfaces can include General Purpose Input\/Output (GPIO), parallel ports, and serial communication interfaces. Some of the typical serial communication interfaces supported in microcontrollers include UART, USART, I2C, SPI, 1-Wire, Microwire, USB, and others.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The microcontrollers also have additional features, such as hardware interrupts and timers\/counters that are typically used in embedded applications. The built-in secondary memory in a microcontroller can be flash memory, EPROM, or EEPROM.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Depending on the microcontrollers are frequently paired with:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Display devices (such as LED, SSD, LCD, Graphic LCD, etc.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Sensors (such as temperature sensor, humidity sensor, pressure sensor, etc.)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Application-specific modules (like fingerprints, GPS, GSM\/GPRS, camera, etc.)\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The microcontrollers can be classified in many ways based on the width of their internal bus, nature of instruction set, or memory architecture. According to the width of their internal bus, microcontrollers can be 8, 16, 32, or 64-bit. An 8-bit microcontroller, for example, will have an 8-bit system bus so that its ALU can process 8-bit parallel data every time. A 16-bit microcontroller has a 16-bit system bus so that its ALU can process 16-bit data every time and so on.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">According to the instruction set, microcontrollers can be Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) or Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC). A CISC supports complex instructions where multiple, simple instructions may be required. RISC has a reduced processor design that only supports simple instructions, such as operating registers, choosing an addressing scheme, access program, or data.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Microcontrollers can also have Harvard or Princeton Memory Architecture. With Harvard Memory Architecture, the microcontroller has separate memory address space for data and programming. With Princeton Memory Architecture, a microcontroller has a common memory address for program and data.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Most popular microcontrollers include 8051, AVR, PIC, and RX family. Originally, microcontrollers could only be programmed in Assembly Language. Then, BASIC stamp microcontrollers were available that used a built-in BASIC interpreter. Now, most of the microcontrollers are programmed in C (Embedded C), Python, or JavaScript. C is the most common option with supported language for programming microcontrollers.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The use of high-level programming languages for programming microcontrollers has made programming efforts to a large extent platform-independent. The compilers and interpreters provided by microcontroller vendors may or may not support all standard features and libraries of a language. They may also provide additional features or libraries for some specialty hardware supported by the microcontroller.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Arduino<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Arduino is an open-source hardware and software company that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits. The products are licensed under GPL or LGPL. It is an open-source project that receives contributions from a worldwide user community. The company provides its microcontroller boards in pre-assembled form and as do-it-yourself kits.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Most of the microcontroller boards under Arduino have an 8-bit AVR microcontroller. The boards are pre-programmed with a boot loader so that embedded programs can be easily loaded to built-in flash memory, directly from an IDE to the microcontroller board via USB.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The microcontroller boards are equipped with standard interfaces and GPIO pins, which means they\u2019re ready to interface with sensors, actuators, and data communication interfaces.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">As these boards are ready to use with any sensor, actuator or shields, the prototyping and testing of embedded systems designs get quick and handy. Most of the Arduino boards are programmed in Embedded C.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Arduino provides an online web editor and desktop IDE for writing, editing, and compiling embedded codes to the boards. The microcontroller boards that are designed for the IoT applications can be programmed using either Python or JavaScript.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Here are the official microcontroller boards under Arduino:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>1.<\/strong> Arduino Uno Rev3<br \/>\n<strong>2.<\/strong><\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">\u00a0Arduino Uno Wi-Fi REV2<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>3.<\/strong> Arduino Nano 3 BLE Sense<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>4.<\/strong> Arduino MKR WAN 1300 (Arduino Pro)<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>5.<\/strong> Arduino Nano 3 BLE<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>6.<\/strong> Arduino Nano 33 IoT<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>7.<\/strong> Arduino MKR Vidor 4000<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>8.<\/strong> Arduino MKR WAN 1310 (Arduino Pro)<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>9.<\/strong> Arduino MKR NB 1500 (Arduino Pro)<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>10.<\/strong> Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense (Arduino Pro)<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>11.<\/strong> Arduino MKR FOX 1200 (Arduino Pro)<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>12.<\/strong> Arduino Nano 33 BLE (Arduino Pro)<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>13.<\/strong> Arduino Nano 33 IoT<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>14.<\/strong> Portenta H7 (Arduino Pro)<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>15.<\/strong> Arduino MKR WiFi 1010<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>16.<\/strong> Arduino Mega 2560 Rev3<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>17.<\/strong> Arduino Nano<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>18.<\/strong>\u00a0Arduino Y\u00fan Rev 2<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>19.<\/strong> Arduino Due<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>20.<\/strong>\u00a0Arduino MKR GSM 1400 (Arduino Pro)<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>21.<\/strong> Arduino MKR1000 WIFI<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>22.<\/strong>\u00a0Arduino Micro<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>23.<\/strong> Arduino Leonardo<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>24.<\/strong>\u00a0Arduino Zero<br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><strong>25.<\/strong> Arduino MKR ZERO<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Several of these boards (Arduino Pro Microcontroller boards) come with embedded sensors, Bluetooth module, and\/or Wi-Fi module. The boards have been designed to target IoT applications. For example, Portenta H7 has on-device AI for industrial control and robotic applications.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The Arduino Pro microcontroller boards can also be programmed for IoT applications using Arduino Pro IDE or Arduino Create Web Editor. These pro-boards are currently available under three families: Portenta, MKR, and Nano. Arduino also provides the Pro Gateway solution for IoT applications connecting to the LoRaWAN Cloud and hosts a Cloud platform (Arduino IoT Cloud for IoT development).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Additionally, the company provides several shields for connectivity and ready-to-use embedded solutions. Some of the official shields include Arduino MKR GPS shield, Arduino Ethernet Shield 2, Arduino Motor Shield Rev3, Arduino 4 Relays Shield, Arduino MKR Motor Carrier, Arduino MKR Mem Shield, Arduino MKR Connector Shield, Arduino MKR CAN Shield, Arduino MKR Therm Shield, and others.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Several interesting kits and accessories are also offered. As Arduino is an open-source project, meaning its hardware and software designs are freely available under a copyleft license, compatible Arduino derivatives are also available. One example is Freeduino.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Others include DFRduino Pro Mini, DFRduino UNO R3, Cheapduino, Beatle, Romeo-V2, Seeduino Lite, Seeduino LoRaWAN, Seeduino Stalker, GSTduino, Roboduino, etc. A few of the industrial-grade Arduino-compatible derivatives include Controllino, Iono, ARDBOX, Industruino, and FA-DUINO.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">An Arduino-compatible label means these derivative boards can also be programmed using Arduino IDE or Arduino Web Editor.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Getting started<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The Arduino project was initiated to make embedded system development fast and hassle-free. Unlike typical microcontrollers (like 8051, AVR, PIC or RX), Arduino requires zero programming devices or universal programmers. All that\u2019s required is an Arduino board and the Arduino IDE set-up on a PC or Laptop.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">The core embedded applications can be designed and tested using standard Arduino boards programmed through Arduino IDE or Arduino Web Editor. Advanced-level developers can use IoT applications via Arduino Pro boards that are programmed through Arduino Pro IDE or Arduino Create Web Editor. Developers can also choose the sensors, actuators, or connectivity modules according to the project requirements or the desired learning curve.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Do-it-yourself<\/span><\/strong><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Visit the official website of Arduino. Check out technical specifications and features of various Arduino and Arduino Pro boards. Make a comparison of different Arduino boards. Also, check for Arduino compatible boards online. Look out for additional features or benefits of such derivative boards.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Use your imagination and list some embedded projects you would like to develop on Arduino.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span data-preserver-spaces=\"true\">Stay connected. This will be a step-by-step tutorial on embedded systems development on various Arduino boards.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.engineersgarage.com\/microcontroller-projects\/articles-getting-started-with-arduino-uno-and-arduino-ide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">next tutorial,<\/a> we will take a detailed look at setting up a development environment for Arduino projects.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Embedded electronics are in a countless number of devices and appliances, with microcontrollers at the heart of the operation. A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit that controls a specific operation in an embedded system. There was a time when only BASIC stamp microcontrollers, with a simple interpreter, were available for designing, prototyping, and testing&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":387,"featured_media":60849,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32,9],"tags":[1175],"class_list":{"2":"type-post","10":"entry","11":"has-post-thumbnail"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.2 (Yoast SEO v25.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Arduino compatible coding 01: Arduino MCU family<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about different Arduino and Arduino Pro boards, 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